Rear Multi-Link (with LCA)

A Rear Multi-link (with LCA) suspension is included in the Vehicle Library. This suspension contains three links and a lower control arm, and it is generally used on cars, off-road vehicles, and light trucks. The Rear Multi-link (with LCA) suspension in the MotionView Wizard differs from the conventional Multi-link suspension in that the two lower links are replaced with a single lower control arm. This suspension offers good load bearing capability due to the single lower control arm, and the two upper links offer flexibility in packaging and suspension kinematics.

rear_multi_link_with_lca_mv

Rear Multi-link (with LCA) Suspension

In conventional designs, the coil spring, shock absorber, and jounce bumper act between the lower control arm and chassis. The lower control arm carries most of the vertical load and defines the motion of the lower ball joint location on the knuckle, while the three links carry less load and define the kinematics of the suspension.

System Options

The Rear Multi-link (with LCA) suspension offers a standard set of attachments, options, and properties that you can set by selecting the suspension system in the Project Browser to display the System/Assembly panel.

Attachments

Attachments determine how the suspension system connects to the rest of the vehicle. The Rear Multi-link (with LCA) includes attachments for the front lower control arm (LCA), rear lower control arm (LCA), front upper control arm (UCA), rear upper control arm (UCA), and the toe link:

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The front and rear lower control arms attach to the sub-frame by default. When a sub-frame is not present in the model, the Assembly Wizard attaches both lower control arms to the vehicle body. If the vehicle body is not present, for example in a half vehicle model, then the Assembly Wizard will attach the lower control arms (LCA) to ground. You can set the attachment for the lower control arm using the Attachment Wizard from the Model menu, or by selecting the Rear multi-link (with LCA) suspension system in the Project Browser and revising the attachments within the Attachments tab on the System/Assembly panel.

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The front and rear upper control arms (UCA) attaches to the vehicle body by default. When a vehicle body is not present the Assembly Wizard attaches the upper control arms to ground. Again you can set the upper control arms attachment as you desire using the Attachment Wizard, or by selecting the Rear multi-link (with LCA) suspension in the Project Browser and revising the attachments within the Attachments tab on the System/Assembly panel.

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The toe link attaches to the rear sub-frame by default. When a rear sub-frame is not present, then the toe link attaches to the vehicle body. When a vehicle body is not present, for example in a half vehicle model, the Assembly Wizard attaches the toe link to ground. The toe link attachment can be set as you desire using the Attachment Wizard, or by selecting the Rear multi-link (with LCA) suspension in the Project Browser and revising the attachments within the Attachments tab on the System/Assembly panel.

Compliant Option

The Rear multi-link (with LCA) suspension like all Vehicle Library suspension systems includes a Compliant option. When the Rear multi-link (with LCA) suspension’s Compliant option is set to No, the lower ball joint bushings are replaced with revolute joints. The upper control arm ball joints are switched to non-compliant joints, and thereby behave as pure ball joints. Similarly, the front and rear bushings for the upper and lower controls arms are changed to non-compliant joints and behave as pure universal joints.

The inner and out toe link bushings are also affected by having their compliance turned "Off" and behave as pure universal and ball joints respectively.

Spindle Compliance Option

The Rear multi-link (with LCA) suspension also includes a Spindle compliance option. When the Spindle compliance option is set to Yes, the wheel body connects to the wheel hub via a universal joint and bushing. The universal joint allows camber and toe deflection of the wheel relative to the wheel hub. The wheel hub bushing’s Kx and Ky rates determine the amount of spindle compliance introduced.

Static Wheel Alignment

The Rear multi-link (with LCA) suspension includes a static alignment dataset and form holding toe and camber variables that determine the orientation of the wheel relative to the knuckle and body in the Global coordinate system. The toe and camber variable values control the location of the spindle align point relative to the wheel center point through parametric expressions. You can view these expressions by selecting the spindle align point and examining its X, Y, and Z locations.

To set the values for toe and camber, select either the static alignment dataset or form and alter the values of the toe and camber variables. Note that the left and right wheels’ toe and camber values must be symmetric. You cannot set the toe and camber angles independently for the two wheels.

Subsystem Options

Select options using the Assembly Wizard to include stabilizer bar, spring, shock-absorber, jounce bumper, or rebound bumper subsystems in the model. You can also select between different types of subsystems, for example between coil springs and torsion bar springs. In addition, you can select where the subsystem acts, for example whether the rebound bumper is internal to the shock absorber or external.

When you finish creating your model using the Assembly Wizard, the subsystems you have chosen show in the Project Browser as children of the Rear multi-link (with LCA) suspension. The table below shows the optional subsystems available with the Rear multi-link (with LCA) suspension:

Subsystem

Options

Stabilizer Bar	None	Stabilizer Bar with Links	Two (2) Piece Bar with Links
Spring	None	Coil Springs	----
Shock Absorber	None	Two (2) Inline Joints	One (1) Cylindrical Joint
Jounce Bumper	None	Internal to Shock	External Jounce Bumper
Rebound Bumper	None	Internal to Shock	External Rebound Bumper

Notes

•	Coil springs act between the lower control arm (LCA) and the vehicle body.

•	The Multi-link suspension system contains points for the upper and lower spring seats to locate coil springs.

•	Internal jounce and rebound bumpers act between the shock absorber piston and tube.

•	External jounce and rebound bumpers act between the lower control arm and the Vehicle Body.

•	Suspensions created without a spring or a shock absorber subsystem will not function in a full vehicle analysis.

•	You can alter how optional subsystems attach to the suspension by selecting the subsystem in the Project Browser and altering the subsystem’s attachments.

Points

Points locate the joints and bushings that connect the suspension bodies to one another. The image below shows the principal points for the Rear multi-link (with LCA) suspension:

rear_multi_link_with_lca_points_mv

Right Side Principal Points – Rear Multi-link (with LCA) Suspension

Note	The image above omits the left side of the suspension, points locating body centers of mass, and points that locate the optional subsystems (springs, dampers, bump stops and stabilizer bar) for clarity.

Bodies

The Rear Multi-link (with LCA) suspension is comprised of the bodies shown in the image below:

rear_multi_link_with_lca_bodies_mv

Right Side Bodies – Rear Multi-link (with LCA) Suspension

Note	The wheel hub body has no associated graphics and therefore is not visible in the image above.

Optional subsystems may add bodies to the suspension, for example the shock absorber adds two bodies: a shock rod and shock tube. Any bodies added by optional subsystems have been omitted from the image above for clarity.

Bushings and Joints

The table below describes the bodies, bushings, and joints for the Rear Multi-link (with LCA) suspension:

Note	The table omits the left side joints for clarity.

Label	Type	Body 1	Body 2	Point	Notes
Lower Ball Joint	Spherical	Knuckle	Lower Control Arm	Average Lower Ball Joint	----
Front Upper Ball Joint	Spherical	Knuckle	Front Upper Control Arm	Front Upper Ball Joint	When the Compliant option is set to No, the compliance for this joint is turned "Off" and behaves as a pure spherical joint.
Rear Upper Ball Joint	Spherical	Knuckle	Rear Upper Control Arm	Rear Upper Ball Joint	When the Compliant option is set to No, the compliance for this joint is turned "Off" and behaves as a pure spherical joint.
Wheel Spindle	Revolute	Wheel Hub	Knuckle	Wheel Center	----
Wheel Hub Fix Jt	Fixed-Joint	Wheel	Wheel Hub	Wheel Center	When the Spindle compliance option is set to Yes, the joint type changes to universal.
LCA Front Bush	Bushing	Lower Control Arm	Subframe, Vehicle Body or Ground	Front Lower Control Arm Bush	When the Compliant option is set to No, the bushing is replaced with a revolute joint.
LCA Rear Bush	Bushing	Lower Control Arm	Subframe, Vehicle Body or Ground	Rear Lower Control Arm Bush	When the Compliant option is set to No, the bushing is replaced with a revolute joint.
UCA Front Bush	Universal	Front Upper Control Arm	Subframe, Vehicle Body or Ground	Front Upper Control Arm Bush	When the Compliant option is set to No, the compliance for this joint is turned "Off" and behaves as a pure universal joint.
UCA Rear Bush	Universal	Rear Upper Control Arm	Subframe, Vehicle Body or Ground	Rear Upper Control Arm Bush	When the Compliant option is set to No, the compliance for this joint is turned "Off" and behaves as a pure universal joint.
Outer Toe Link Bush	Spherical	Toe Link	Knuckle	Outer Toe Link Bush	When the Compliant option is set to No, the compliance for this joint is turned "Off" and behaves as a pure spherical joint.
Inner Toe Link Bush	Spherical	Toe Link	Subframe, Vehicle Body or Ground	Inner Toe Link Bush	When the Compliant option is set to No, the compliance for this joint is turned "Off" and behaves as a pure universal joint.

The figure below shows the location of the joints and bushings in the suspension:

rear_multi_link_with_lca_jnts_bushings_mv

Right Side Joints and Bushings: Rear Multi-link (with LCA) Suspension

Use of this Model

The Rear multi-link (with LCA) suspension system can be used in either a half car or a full vehicle analysis. The default geometry and mass is that of a passenger car or light truck, however the model and data can be revised to reflect any size vehicle, from a large truck to a scale model car.

Notes

•	The wheel body represents the mass and inertia of the tire and the rim.

•	The wheel hub body represents the mass and inertia of other rotating bodies such as a brake rotor, but not the half-shafts if the suspension is driven. The wheel hub and brake rotor have no associated graphics.

•	The wheel and wheel hub parts use the Wheel CG location as the center of gravity.

•	Each body’s Center of Gravity (CG) is estimated from the body’s geometry. The formulas are coded into the point panel and can be seen via the graphical user interface. If more accurate CG locations are available they should be used.

Tips

•	A wide variety of combinations of suspensions and subsystems can be built using the Assembly Wizard. You are encouraged to build systems and understand the resulting model using the graphical user interface.

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When building a new suspension model, build the model with all of the optional systems (stabilizer bar, etc) included in the model. Immediately turn off the systems via the Project Browser and run an analysis on the base suspension to ensure it solves properly. As data becomes available for the optional systems, activate those systems and populate them with data.

rear_multi_link_with_lca_half_car_mv

Rear-Half-Vehicle Model Employing a Multi-link (with LCA) Suspension

The image below shows the MotionView Project Browser view of the systems in a fully populated rear suspension model. The Rear multilink with LCA suspension system has five “child” systems.

rear_multi_link_with_lca_browser_mv

Browser view of a Rear-Half-Vehicle Model Systems and Subsystems Employing a Multi-link (with LCA) Suspension

Similar Suspensions:

•	Front SLA (1pc LCA)

•	Rear SLA (1pc LCA)

•	Front Multi-Link

•	Rear Multi-Link