This section describes how preloads, offsets and scales enter into bushing force computations. You use Preloads, Offsets and Scales to alter the operating point of a bushing.  You can offset the bushing displacement in any direction, and scale the input displacement and velocity. You can also offset the bushing force in any direction by adding a preload or scale-output force or moment in any direction.

 

Displacement Offsets and Scales

Displacement offsets change the origins of the force-deflection curves. Displacement scales expand or contract the force-deflection curves along the deflection axis.

 

Let:

 

Then the scaled and offset deflection, qk , is given by:

The velocity in the kth direction, is given by:

Preload and Force Scales

Preloads offset the forces or torques at zero displacement, while the force scale applies an amplification factor to the force. If Gk is the function computing the force in the kth direction, then the force in that direction is given as follows:

 

Let:

 

Then: