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Force: Bushing

Force: Bushing

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Force: Bushing

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hmtoggle_plus1greyXML Format

 

Model Element

Description

Force_Bushing defines a linear force and torque acting between two Reference_Markers, I and J.

Format

<Force_Bushing

    id          = "integer"

  [label       = "string"]

    i_marker_id = "integer"

    j_marker_id = "integer"

    kx          = "real"    ky           = "real"    kz           = "real"

    ktx         = "real"    kty          = "real"    ktz          = "real"

    cx          = "real"    cy           = "real"    cz           = "real"

    ctx         = "real"    cty          = "real"    ctz          = "real"

    preload_x   = "real"    preload_y    = "real"    preload_z    = "real"

    preload_tx  = "real"    preload_ty   = "real"    preload_tz   = "real"

/>

Attributes

id

Element identification number (integer>0).  This number is unique among all Force_Bushing elements and uniquely identifies the element.

label

The name of the Force_Bushing element.

i_marker_id

Specifies the Reference_Marker at which the force is applied.  This is designated as the point of application of the force.

j_marker_id

Specifies the Reference_Marker at which the reaction force and moment are applied.  This is designated as the point of reaction of the force.

kx
ky
kz
 
ktx
kty
ktz

These define the diagonal entries for a 6x6 stiffness matrix that is used to calculate the spring force for Field_Bushing. All stiffness values must be non-negative.

cx
cy
cz
 
ctx
cty
ctz

These define the diagonal entries for a 6x6 damping matrix that is used to calculate the damping force for Field_Bushing. All damping values must be non-negative.

preload_x
preload_y
preload_z

preload_tx
preload_ty
preload_tz

These define the pre-loads in the Force_Bushing element.  In other words, the forces at I when there is deformation.  The force and torque components are measured in the J coordinate system.  The data is optional.  Their default values are 0.

Comments
1.The force and torque consist of three major effects: a spring force, a damping force, and a pre-load vector.
•The spring force is defined by the product of the stiffness matrix and the relative displacement between the I and J Reference_Markers.
•The damping force is defined by the product of the damping matrix and the relative velocity between the I and J Reference_Markers.
•A preload vector can also be added to the spring and damping forces.  The six components (three forces and three moments) are defined in the coordinate system of the J Reference_Marker.
2.Force_Bushing elements are used as compliant connectors in mechanical systems.  They are typically used to reduce vibration and noise, absorb shock, and accommodate misalignments.
3.kx, ky and kz have units of force per unit length, cx, cy and cz have units of force per unit length per unit time. ktx, kty, ktz have units of torque units per radian. ctx, cty, ctz have units of torque units per radian per unit time. The actual units are governed by what are defined for the entire model.
4.Two of the three angular deflections, rotation about X, rotation about Y and rotation about Z, must remain small at all times.  The rotation angles lose physical significance otherwise.  Small means < 10 degrees.
5.i_marker_id is designated as the point of application of the Force_Field. j_marker_id is the point of reaction.
6.The forces acting at the I and J markers are equal and opposite.  Since there usually is a separation between J and I and the force does not act along the separation vector, the torque acting on the I marker is not the same as the torque acting on the J marker.  This is shown in Figure-1 below.

fb_comfig1

7.The sign convention for the forces and torques is as follows:
•A positive force tends to repel the I and J Reference_Markers. A negative force tends to attract the I and J Reference_Markers.
•A positive torque tends to rotate the I Reference_Marker in a counterclockwise direction, relative to the J Reference_Marker. Thus, a positive value of TX tends to increase the value of included angle between the x-axes of Markers I and J.
8.Force_Bushing is a linear element.  If you wish to define a nonlinear force element, then use either the Force_Field or the Force_Vector_TwoBody modeling element.
9.Force_Bushing does not model cross-coupling effects.  Its stiffness and damping matrices are diagonal.  If cross-coupling effects are important, use Force_Field or Force_Vector_TwoBody.
10.Force_Bushing can act on all bodies: Body_Rigid, Body_Flexible, and Body_Point.
11.The MotionSolve bushing implementation is slightly different from the one in Adams. In most cases, they yield the same results; however if the bushing undergoes 3-D deformation, the results can be somewhat different. Both products approximate large angles, but slight differently.  Hence the results will be different.

Example

The example demonstrates the definition of a bushing element commonly used in automotive suspensions such as bump stops for shocks and struts.  The image below is an illustration of such a bushing.

fb_exfig1

A bump stop bushing in an automotive suspension.

The Force_Bushing definition for such a bushing could be:

<Force_Bushing

    id            = "26"

    i_marker_id   = "61"

    j_marker_id   = "71"

    kx            = "6000."  ky            = "6000." kz            = "10000."

    ktx           = "1.0E5"  kty           = "1.0E5" ktz           = "1.0E5"

    cx            = "60."    cy            = "60."   cz            = "60."

    ctx           = "100"    cty           = "100"   ctz           = "100"

    preload_x     = "33"     preload_y     = "44"    preload_z     = "55"

    preload_tx    = "0."     preload_ty    = "0."    preload_tz    = "0."

/>
hmtoggle_plus1greyPython Format

Model Element

Description

BUSHING defines a linear force and torque acting between two markers, I and J.

Declaration

def BUSHING(id, LABEL="", I=0, J=0, C=[], CT=[], K=[], KT=[], FORCE=[], TORQUE=[]):

Attributes

id

Element identification number (integer>0).  This number is unique among all the BUSHING elements and uniquely identifies the element.

LABEL

The name of the BUSHING element.

I

Specifies the ID of the marker at which the force and moment is applied.  This is designated as the point of application of the force.

J

Specifies the ID of the marker at which the reaction force and moment is applied.  This is designated as the point of reaction of the force.

C

 

These define the three translational damping coefficient for BUSHING.  All damping coefficient values must be non-negative.

CT

These define the three rotational damping coefficient for BUSHING.  All damping coefficient values must be non-negative.

K

These define the three translational stiffness for BUSHING.  All stiffness values must be non-negative.

KT

These define the three rotational stiffness for BUSHING.  All stiffness values must be non-negative.

FORCE

These define the three translational preload force for BUSHING, measured in the J coordinate system.  The data is optional.  Their default values are 0.

TORQUE

These define the three rotational preload torque for BUSHING, measured in the J coordinate system.   The data is optional.   Their default values are 0.

Comments

See Force_Bushing

Example

The example below shows how a BUSHING may be defined.

BUSHING(26, LABEL="Bushing0", I=61, J=71, C=[60,60,60], K=[6000,6000,6000], FORCE=[33,44,55], CT=[100,100,100], KT=[1e5,1e5,1e5], TORQUE=[0,0,0])

See Also:

Force_Field

Model Statements

Command Statements

Functions

Notation and Syntax

The following MDL Model statements:

*Bush()

*BushPair()

*SetBush() - asymmetric bushing pair

*SetBush() - asymmetric bushing pair with user subroutine

*SetBush() - single bushing

*SetBush() - single bushing with user subroutine

*SetBush() - symmetric bushing pair